BOTTOM - The Bottom of a Graph
We will use the following (standard) definitions from graph theory. Let V be a nonempty and finite set, its elements being called vertices (or nodes). Let E be a subset of the Cartesian product V×V, its elements being called edges. Then G=(V,E) is called a directed graph.
Let n be a positive integer, and let p=(e1,…,en) be a sequence of length n of edges ei∈E such that ei=(vi,vi+1) for a sequence of vertices (v1,…,vn+1). Then p is called a path from vertex v1 to vertex vn+1 in G and we say that vn+1 is reachable from v1, writing (v1→vn+1).
Here are some new definitions. A node v in a graph G=(V,E) is called a sink, if for every node w in G that is reachable from v, v is also reachable from w. The bottom of a graph is the subset of all nodes that are sinks, i.e., bottom(G)={v∈V∣∀w∈V:(v→w)⇒(w→v)}. You have to calculate the bottom of certain graphs.
Input Specification
The input contains several test cases, each of which corresponds to a directed graph G. Each test case starts with an integer number v, denoting the number of vertices of G=(V,E), where the vertices will be identified by the integer numbers in the set V={1,…,v}. You may assume that 1≤v≤5000. That is followed by a non-negative integer e and, thereafter, e pairs of vertex identifiers v1,w1,…,ve,we with the meaning that (vi,wi)∈E. There are no edges other than specified by these pairs. The last test case is followed by a zero.
Output Specification
For each test case output the bottom of the specified graph on a single line. To this end, print the numbers of all nodes that are sinks in sorted order separated by a single space character. If the bottom is empty, print an empty line.
Sample Input
3 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 0
Sample Output
1 3 2
hide comments
|
ankipanki:
2014-12-07 00:22:06
Those who are getting wrong answer,
|
|
Divyank Duvedi:
2014-10-17 20:34:57
very nice question.....thumbs up :) |
|
lite_coder:
2014-09-22 13:53:31
Is the graph always connected? |
|
king:
2013-07-08 12:19:10
TLE with O(n^3),O(mn) Last edit: 2013-07-08 15:01:58 |
|
super human:
2013-06-13 20:33:48
learned a lot from this one..!! |
|
Tarun Gehlaut:
2013-01-21 19:13:05
@Alaa Shafaee: 2 doesnt have any out going edge. However you can always assume that a node has an edge to itself. so 2->2 is assumed. Hence 2 has been printed. as it is only linked to 2 and its imaginary image is linked to itself.
|
|
Alaa Shafaee:
2012-12-24 06:22:55
I did not get the second test case. There is a path from 1 to 2, however, there is no path from 2 to 1 since we have 1 edge. Can someone explain it?
|
|
:D:
2012-11-21 10:42:13
Re: Paul. I hope so, but not sure. I think my sol didn't assume it. Since there's such spiffy math description, it would be a real blunder to mix a set with multiset.
|
|
Paul Draper:
2012-11-21 01:33:01
Since E is a subSET of VxV, that means there are no duplicate edges, right? |
|
aristofanis:
2012-10-29 19:53:57
@Amit Ranjan I think it can be proved that every graph has at least one sink. |
Added by: | Wanderley Guimarăes |
Date: | 2007-09-21 |
Time limit: | 1s |
Source limit: | 50000B |
Memory limit: | 1536MB |
Cluster: | Cube (Intel G860) |
Languages: | All except: ERL JS-RHINO |
Resource: | University of Ulm Local Contest 2003 |