BOTTOM - The Bottom of a Graph
We will use the following (standard) definitions from graph theory. Let $V$ be a nonempty and finite set, its elements being called vertices (or nodes). Let $E$ be a subset of the Cartesian product $V \times V$, its elements being called edges. Then $G = (V, E)$ is called a directed graph.
Let $n$ be a positive integer, and let $p = (e_1, \ldots, e_n)$ be a sequence of length $n$ of edges $e_i \in E$ such that $e_i = (v_i, v_{i+1})$ for a sequence of vertices ($v_1, \ldots, v_{n+1}$). Then $p$ is called a path from vertex $v_1$ to vertex $v_{n+1}$ in $G$ and we say that $v_{n+1}$ is reachable from $v_1$, writing $(v_1 \to v_{n+1})$.
Here are some new definitions. A node $v$ in a graph $G = (V, E)$ is called a sink, if for every node $w$ in $G$ that is reachable from $v$, $v$ is also reachable from $w$. The bottom of a graph is the subset of all nodes that are sinks, i.e., $\mathrm{bottom}(G) = \{v \in V \mid \forall w \in V : (v \to w) \Rightarrow (w \to v) \}$. You have to calculate the bottom of certain graphs.
Input Specification
The input contains several test cases, each of which corresponds to a directed graph $G$. Each test case starts with an integer number $v$, denoting the number of vertices of $G = (V, E)$, where the vertices will be identified by the integer numbers in the set $V = \{1, \ldots, v\}$. You may assume that $1 \le v \le 5000$. That is followed by a non-negative integer $e$ and, thereafter, $e$ pairs of vertex identifiers $v_1, w_1, \ldots, v_e, w_e$ with the meaning that $(v_i, w_i) \in E$. There are no edges other than specified by these pairs. The last test case is followed by a zero.
Output Specification
For each test case output the bottom of the specified graph on a single line. To this end, print the numbers of all nodes that are sinks in sorted order separated by a single space character. If the bottom is empty, print an empty line.
Sample Input
3 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 0
Sample Output
1 3 2
hide comments
tni_mdixit:
2017-02-24 20:23:14
just try to read the problem carefully...that's it! |
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rraj001:
2017-01-18 15:57:43
Good one for SCC
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NIKHIL KUMAR SINGH:
2016-12-30 12:11:57
First Problem of SCC. Back in business again with this |
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darshan_7807:
2016-12-30 09:06:46
3TLE, to 3 runtime error to AC :P |
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and_roid:
2016-12-26 20:40:49
!!! Great question for SCC.
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justforpractic:
2016-09-26 22:16:28
I've got WA and i don't why although i don't understand why case
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justforpractic:
2016-09-25 21:59:15
can any one explain to me how is
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ayush:
2016-07-13 19:12:59
@code_master5 i somehow figured it out later that day, anyways thanks for coming up. :) a simple SCC indeed. |
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avisheksanvas:
2016-07-05 10:06:08
Simple SCC problem. The entire problem in one statement : (v→w)⇒(w→v)!
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Rohit Agarwal:
2016-07-01 17:42:03
Should we print is descending order or ascending order? The output says sorted order but doesn't specify which one. Are both valid?
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Added by: | Wanderley Guimarăes |
Date: | 2007-09-21 |
Time limit: | 1s |
Source limit: | 50000B |
Memory limit: | 1536MB |
Cluster: | Cube (Intel G860) |
Languages: | All except: ERL JS-RHINO |
Resource: | University of Ulm Local Contest 2003 |