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BOTTOM - The Bottom of a Graph

We will use the following (standard) definitions from graph theory. Let V be a nonempty and finite set, its elements being called vertices (or nodes). Let E be a subset of the Cartesian product V×V, its elements being called edges. Then G=(V,E) is called a directed graph.

Let n be a positive integer, and let p=(e1,,en) be a sequence of length n of edges eiE such that ei=(vi,vi+1) for a sequence of vertices (v1,,vn+1). Then p is called a path from vertex v1 to vertex vn+1 in G and we say that vn+1 is reachable from v1, writing (v1vn+1).

Here are some new definitions. A node v in a graph G=(V,E) is called a sink, if for every node w in G that is reachable from v, v is also reachable from w. The bottom of a graph is the subset of all nodes that are sinks, i.e., bottom(G)={vVwV:(vw)(wv)}. You have to calculate the bottom of certain graphs.

Input Specification

The input contains several test cases, each of which corresponds to a directed graph G. Each test case starts with an integer number v, denoting the number of vertices of G=(V,E), where the vertices will be identified by the integer numbers in the set V={1,,v}. You may assume that 1v5000. That is followed by a non-negative integer e and, thereafter, e pairs of vertex identifiers v1,w1,,ve,we with the meaning that (vi,wi)E. There are no edges other than specified by these pairs. The last test case is followed by a zero.

Output Specification

For each test case output the bottom of the specified graph on a single line. To this end, print the numbers of all nodes that are sinks in sorted order separated by a single space character. If the bottom is empty, print an empty line.

Sample Input

3 3
1 3 2 3 3 1
2 1
1 2
0

Sample Output

1 3
2

Added by:Wanderley Guimarăes
Date:2007-09-21
Time limit:1s
Source limit:50000B
Memory limit:1536MB
Cluster: Cube (Intel G860)
Languages:All except: ERL JS-RHINO
Resource:University of Ulm Local Contest 2003

hide comments
2022-01-10 02:26:24
For those who used Kosoraju's algorithm: what are the reasons that you didn't use Tarjan's algorithm? I'm new to SCCs, so any response I get would be appreciated.
2021-05-17 15:45:06
Same as CAPCITY only difference is print all SCC's with outdegree 0..!! :)
2020-10-21 13:50:09
@flyingduchman_ thank you for the help
2020-10-21 12:15:15
https://vjudge.net/problem/POJ-2553 for clear question
2020-05-25 10:17:20
If you are getting TLE using JAVA then try using FAST IO and StringBuffer
2020-05-09 12:28:53
learnt a big lesson hashSet isn't automatically sorted :)
2020-05-09 12:04:26
is there something different for ouptut thing i am getting wrong answer for every case.
2020-05-07 01:53:44
don't forget to sort the output.. costed me WA
2020-03-27 14:28:48
So we have to find all the components(SCC) from which there are no outgoing edges. Correct me if I am wrong.
2019-03-29 12:30:30
Getting tle i am only implementing kosaraju' algo. Please help me
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