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BOTTOM - The Bottom of a Graph |
We will use the following (standard) definitions from graph theory. Let V be a nonempty and finite set, its elements being called vertices (or nodes). Let E be a subset of the Cartesian product V×V, its elements being called edges. Then G=(V,E) is called a directed graph.
Let n be a positive integer, and let p=(e1,…,en) be a sequence of length n of edges ei∈E such that ei=(vi,vi+1) for a sequence of vertices (v1,…,vn+1). Then p is called a path from vertex v1 to vertex vn+1 in G and we say that vn+1 is reachable from v1, writing (v1→vn+1).
Here are some new definitions. A node v in a graph G=(V,E) is called a sink, if for every node w in G that is reachable from v, v is also reachable from w. The bottom of a graph is the subset of all nodes that are sinks, i.e., bottom(G)={v∈V∣∀w∈V:(v→w)⇒(w→v)}. You have to calculate the bottom of certain graphs.
Input Specification
The input contains several test cases, each of which corresponds to a directed graph G. Each test case starts with an integer number v, denoting the number of vertices of G=(V,E), where the vertices will be identified by the integer numbers in the set V={1,…,v}. You may assume that 1≤v≤5000. That is followed by a non-negative integer e and, thereafter, e pairs of vertex identifiers v1,w1,…,ve,we with the meaning that (vi,wi)∈E. There are no edges other than specified by these pairs. The last test case is followed by a zero.
Output Specification
For each test case output the bottom of the specified graph on a single line. To this end, print the numbers of all nodes that are sinks in sorted order separated by a single space character. If the bottom is empty, print an empty line.
Sample Input
3 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 0
Sample Output
1 3 2
Added by: | Wanderley Guimarăes |
Date: | 2007-09-21 |
Time limit: | 1s |
Source limit: | 50000B |
Memory limit: | 1536MB |
Cluster: | Cube (Intel G860) |
Languages: | All except: ERL JS-RHINO |
Resource: | University of Ulm Local Contest 2003 |
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2014-12-07 00:22:06 ankipanki
Those who are getting wrong answer, Input: 4 1 1 2 0 output: 2 3 4 |
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2014-10-17 20:34:57 Divyank Duvedi
very nice question.....thumbs up :) |
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2014-09-22 13:53:31 lite_coder
Is the graph always connected? |
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2013-07-08 12:19:10 king
TLE with O(n^3),O(mn) Last edit: 2013-07-08 15:01:58 |
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2013-06-13 20:33:48 super human
learned a lot from this one..!! |
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2013-01-21 19:13:05 Tarun Gehlaut
@Alaa Shafaee: 2 doesnt have any out going edge. However you can always assume that a node has an edge to itself. so 2->2 is assumed. Hence 2 has been printed. as it is only linked to 2 and its imaginary image is linked to itself. -> Haan ji Bilkul SAhi bola Last edit: 2013-05-18 10:03:38 |
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2012-12-24 06:22:55 Alaa Shafaee
I did not get the second test case. There is a path from 1 to 2, however, there is no path from 2 to 1 since we have 1 edge. Can someone explain it? Thanks |
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2012-11-21 10:42:13 :D
Re: Paul. I hope so, but not sure. I think my sol didn't assume it. Since there's such spiffy math description, it would be a real blunder to mix a set with multiset. Re Amit Ranjan: It doesn't say that such a graph must exist. If you would manage to find it though, you'll know what to output ;) Last edit: 2012-11-22 20:32:16 |
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2012-11-21 01:33:01 Paul Draper
Since E is a subSET of VxV, that means there are no duplicate edges, right? |
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2012-10-29 19:53:57 aristofanis
@Amit Ranjan I think it can be proved that every graph has at least one sink. |