LCA - Lowest Common Ancestor

A tree is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one simple path. In other words, any connected graph without cycles is a tree. - Wikipedia 

The lowest common ancestor (LCA) is a concept in graph theory and computer science. Let T be a rooted tree with N nodes. The lowest common ancestor is defined between two nodes v and w as the lowest node in T that has both v and w as descendants (where we allow a node to be a descendant of itself). - Wikipedia

Your task in this problem is to find the LCA of any two given nodes v and w in a given tree T.

For example the LCA of nodes 9 and 12 in this tree is the node number 3.

Input

The first line of input will be the number of test cases. Each test case will start with a number N the number of nodes in the tree, 1 <= N <= 1,000. Nodes are numbered from 1 to N. The next N lines each one will start with a number M the number of child nodes of the Nth node, 0 <= M <= 999 followed by M numbers the child nodes of the Nth node. The next line will be a number Q the number of queries you have to answer for the given tree T, 1 <= Q <= 1000. The next Q lines each one will have two number v and w in which you have to find the LCA of v and w in T, 1 <= v, w <= 1,000.

Input will guarantee that there is only one root and no cycles.

Output

For each test case print Q + 1 lines, The first line will have “Case C:” without quotes where C is the case number starting with 1. The next Q lines should be the LCA of the given v and w respectively.

Example

Input:
1
7
3 2 3 4
0
3 5 6 7
0
0
0
0
2
5 7
2 7

Output:
Case 1:
3
1

Added by:hossamyosef
Date:2013-05-13
Time limit:0.600s-1.113s
Source limit:50000B
Memory limit:1536MB
Cluster: Cube (Intel G860)
Languages:All
Resource:FCIS/ASU Local Contest 2013

hide comments
2022-09-06 15:44:54
clear the vector for new test case


Last edit: 2022-09-06 15:45:36
2022-08-21 21:21:04
where can i compare mem and time for my solution vs other for same problem in same lang(java)
2022-01-25 08:27:57
using naive LCA 0.29sec

warning! be care to clear vectors between test otherwise u will get runtime error (SIGKILL)
2021-09-01 07:08:17
easy one
2021-07-25 14:49:25
input corresponding to the given diagram:
13
3 2 3 4
0
3 5 6 7
0
0
2 8 9
2 10 11
0
0
2 12 13
0
0
0
2021-07-23 12:25:44
Check this test case:-
Input
1
1
0
1
1 1
Output
1
2021-06-30 08:47:52
why I am getting TLE in lca in binary lifting
2021-03-28 08:38:18
output of the input below:
Case 1:
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
Case 2:
1
Case 3:
3
6
1
7
2021-03-07 08:08:18
I am getting an RE .... anyone else also facing the same??
2021-02-04 11:57:45
https://www.spoj.com/submit/LCA/id=27389011
Please help i am getting runtime error i have changes constraint of N to 1005,10005,100005 but getting runtime error in all please help me out. Thankx in advance
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